References
Updated 16 July 2026
© Crown copyright 2026
This publication is licensed under the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.0 except where otherwise stated. To view this licence, visit or write to the Information Policy Team, The National Archives, Kew, London TW9 4DU, or email: psi@nationalarchives.gov.uk.
Where we have identified any third party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned.
This publication is available at /government/publications/malaria-prevention-guidelines-for-travellers-from-the-uk-2026/references
References
1. Gao L, Shi Q, Liu Z, Li Z, Dong X. ‘’ Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 2023: volume 8, issue 1, page 67
2. UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA). Malaria imported into the UK 2021 (updated 9 June 2023)
3. General Medical Council. London 2011
4. Broderick C, Nadjm B, Smith V, Blaze M, Checkley A, Chiodini PL and others. ‘’ British Medical Journal 2015: volume 350, h1,703
5. World Health Organization (WHO).
6. White N. ‘Malaria’ In: Farrar J and others, editors. Manson’s Tropical Diseases: Elsevier Health Sciences 2024, page 573
7. De Silva PM, Marshall JM. ‘’ Journal of Tropical Medicine 2012: 819563
8. Merga H, Degefa T, Birhanu Z, Tadele A, Lee MC, Yan G, Yewhalaw D. ‘’ Malaria Journal 2025: volume 24, issue 1, page 131
9. Siswantoro H, Russell B, Ratcliff A, Prasetyorini B, Chalfein F, Marfurt J, Kenangalem E, Wuwung M, Piera KA, Ebsworth EP, Anstey NM, Tjitra E, Price RN. ‘’ Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2011: volume 55, issue 1, pages 197 to 202
10. Baird JK. ‘’ Clinical Microbiology Reviews 2009: volume 22, issue 3, pages 508 to 534
11. Ric N Price, Lorenz von Seidlein, Neena Valecha, Francois Nosten, J Kevin Baird, Nicholas J White. ‘’ Lancet Infectious Diseases 2014: volume 14, pages 982 to 991
12. Goodyer LI, Debboun M. ‘Anthropod repellents in public health.’ In Advances in Arthropod Repellents 2022: Academic Press, pages 1 to 18
13. Thrower Y, Goodyer LI. ‘’ Journal of Travel Medicine 2006: volume 13, pages 198 to 203
14. Hasler T, Fehr J, Held U, Schlagenhauf P. ‘’ Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease 2019
15. Chen-Hussey V, Behrens R, Logan JG. ‘’ Parasites and Vectors 2014: volume 7, issue 1, page 173
16. Murphy ME, Montemarano AD, Debboun M, Gupta R. ‘The effect of sunscreen on the efficacy of insect repellent: a clinical trial’ Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2000: volume 43, issue 2, pages 219 to 222
17. Webb CE, Russell RC. ‘’ Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 2009: volume 33, issue 5, pages 485 to 490
18. Stanczyk NM, Behrens RH, Chen-Hussey V, Stewart SA, Logan JG. ‘’ British Medical Journal 2015: volume 350, h99
19. McGready R, Hamilton KA, Simpson JA, Cho T, Luxemburger C, Edwards R and others. ‘’ The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2001: volume 65, issue 4, pages 285 to 289
20. United States Environmental Protection Agency. ‘’ Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances 1998
21. Govere J, Durrheim D, Baker L, Hunt R, Coetzee M. ‘’ Medical and Veterinary Entomology 2000: volume 14, issue 4, pages 441 to 444
22. Moore SJ, Darling ST, Sihuincha M and others. ‘’ Malaria Journal 2007: volume 6, page 101
23. Johirul Islam, Kamaruz Zaman, Sanjukta Duarah, Pakalapati Srinivas Raju, Pronobesh Chattopadhyay. ‘’ Acta Tropica 2017: volume 167, pages 216 to 223
24. Colucci B, Müller P. ‘’ Scientific Reports 2018: volume 8, issue 1, pages 1 to 11
25. BPPD. ‘p-Menthane-3,8-diol (011550) Biopesticide Registration Eligibility Document’
26. Klun J. A, Khirimian A, Debboun M. ‘’ Journal of Medical Entomology 2006: volume 43, issue 1, pages 34 to 39
27. Goodyer L, Schofield S. ‘’ Journal of Travel Medicine 2018: volume 1, issue 25, pages S10 to S15
28. Badolo A, Ilboudo‐Sanogo E, Ouédraogo AP, Costantini C. ‘’ Tropical Medicine and International Health 2004: volume 9, issue 3, pages 330 to 334
29. Costantini C, Badolo A, Ilboudo-Sanogo E. ‘’ Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2004: volume 98, issue 11, pages 644 to 652
30. WHO. ‘’ WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme (WHOPES) Working Group meeting. 4 to 5 December 2001
31. Anon. ‘Picaridin: a new insect repellent’ The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics 2005: volume 47, issue 1,210, pages 46 to 47
32. Frances SP. Picaridin. In: Debboun M, Strickman D, Frances SP, editors. ‘Insect Repellents: Principles, Methods, and Uses’ Boca Raton: CRC Press 2007, pages 337 to 440
33. Heng S, Sluydts V, Durnez L and others. ‘’ PLoS One 2017: volume 12, issue 3, pages 1 to 16
34. Frances S. P, Cooper R. D. ‘’ ADF Health 2002: volume 3, pages 58 to 63
35. Fradin MS, Day JF. ‘’ New England Journal of Medicine 2002: volume 347, issue 1, pages 13 to 18
36. Strickman D. ‘Topical repellent active ingredients in common use’ In: Debboun M, Frances SP, Strickman D, editors. ‘Insect Repellent Handbook (second edition)’ CRC Press Taylor and Francis Group: 2014
37. WHO. ‘’ Prepared by Jan Rozendaal 1997
38. Petersen E. ‘’ Expert Review Anti-Infective Therapy 2004: volume 2, pages 119 to 132
39. WHO. ‘’ 2009
40. Schreck C, Carlson D, Weidhaas D, Posey K, Smith D. ‘’ Journal of Economic Entomology 1980: volume 73, issue 3, pages 451 to 453
41. Ross M. Boyce, Bonnie E. Shook-Sa, Ronnie Ndizeye, Emmanuel Baguma, Dana Giandomenico, Caitlin A. Cassidy, Solomon Eshun, and others. ‘’ New England Journal of Medicine 2025
42. Marta F Maia, Merav Kliner, Marty Richardson, Christian Lengeler, Sarah J Moore, Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group. ‘’ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2018 February: 2018 issue 2, CD011595
43. McCain WC, Leach GJ. ‘Repellents used in fabric: the experience of the US military’ In: M D, SP F, D S, editors. ‘Insect Repellents: Principles, Methods, and Uses’ Boca Raton: CRC Press 2007, pages 261 to 273
44. Hewitt S, Farhan M, Urhaman H, Muhammad N, Kamal M, Rowland M. ‘’ Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 1996: volume 90, issues 3, pages 337 to 344
45. Ives AR, Paskewitz SM. ‘’ Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 2005: volume 21, issue 2, pages 213 to 217
46. Lefèvre T, Gouagna LC, Dabiré KR, Elguero E, Fontenille D, Renaud F, Costantini C, Thomas F. ‘’ PLoS One 2010 March 4: volume 5, issue 3, article e9546
47. Dondorp A, Newton P, Mayxay M, Van Damme W, Smithuis F, Yeung S and others. ‘’ Tropical Medicine and International Health 2004: volume 9, issue 12, pages 1,241 to 1,246
48. Chulay JD. ‘’ Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1998: volume 92, issue 6, pages 577 to 579
49. Franco-Paredes C, Santos-Preciado JI. ‘’ The Lancet Infectious Diseases 2006: volume 6, issue 3, pages 139 to 149
50. Hill DR, Baird JK, Parise ME, Lewis LS, Ryan ET, Magill AJ. ‘’ The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2006: volume 75, issue 3, pages 402 to 415
51. Hill D. ‘Issues for long-term and expatriate travellers.’ In: Cook GC, editor. ‘Travel- associated disease: papers based on a conference organised by the Royal College of Physicians of London’ Royal College of Physicians 1995: page 101
52. Pappaioanou M, Fishbein DB, Dreesen DW, Schwartz IK, Campbell GH, Sumner JW and others. ‘’ New England Journal of Medicine 1986: volume 314, issue 5, pages 280 to 284
53. Schlagenhauf P, Adamcova M, Regep L, Schaerer MT, Rhein H-G. ‘’ Malaria Journal 2010: volume 9, issue 9, page 357
54. Moore DA, Grant AD, Armstrong M, Stümpfle R, Behrens RH. ‘’ Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2004: volume 98, issue 1, pages 55 to 63
55. Wongsrichanalai C, Pickard AL, Wernsdorfer WH, Meshnick SR. ‘’ The Lancet Infectious Diseases 2002: volume 2, issue 4, pages 209 to 218
56. Schlagenhauf P, Hatz C, Behrens R, Visser L, Funk M, Holzer B and others. ‘’ Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease 2015: volume 13, issue 2, pages 192 to 196
57. Tickell-Painter M, Maayan N, Saunders R, Pace C, Sinclair D. ‘’ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017: volume 10, CD006491
58. Schlagenhauf P, Tschopp A, Johnson R, Nothdurft H, Beck B, Schwartz E and others. ‘’ British Medical Journal 2003: volume 327, issue 7,423, page 1,078
59. Meier CR, Wilcock K, Jick SS. ‘’ Drug safety 2004: volume 27, issue 3, pages 203 to 213
60. Wells TS, Smith TC, Smith B, Wang LZ, Hansen CJ, Reed RJ and others. ‘’ The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2006: volume 74, issue 5, pages 744 to 749
61. Taylor WRJ, White NJ. ‘’ Drug Safety 2004: volume 27, issue 1, pages 25 to 61
62. Ohrt C, Richie TL, Widjaja H, Shanks GD, Fitriadi J, Fryauff DJ and others. ‘’ Annals of Internal Medicine 1997: volume 126, issue 12, pages 963 to 972
63. UK Teratology Information Service (UKTIS). ‘’ (updated November 2024; cited 2024)
64. Joint Formulary Committee. British National Formulary. BMJ Group and Pharmaceutical Press 2025 (accessed 4th October 2025)
65. Tan KR, Magill AJ, Parise ME, Arguin PM. ‘’ The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2011: volume 84, issue 4, pages 517 to 531
66. Bryant SG, Fisher S, Kluge RM. ‘’ Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy 1987: volume 7, issue 4, pages 125 to 129
67. Edstein M, Yeo A, Kyle D, Looareesuwan S, Wilairatana P, Rieckmann K. ‘’ Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1996: volume 90, issue 4, pages 418 to 421
68. Berman J, Nielsen R, Chulay J, Dowler M, Kain K, Kester K and others. ‘’ Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2001: volume 95, issue 4, pages 429 to 432
69. Marra F, Salzman JR, Ensom MH. ‘’ Annals of Pharmacotherapy 2003: volume 37, issue 9, pages 1,266 to 1,275
70. Camus D, Djossou F, Schilthuis HJ, Høgh B, Dutoit E, Malvy D and others. ‘’ Clinical Infectious Diseases 2004: volume 38, issue 12, pages 1,716 to 1,723
71. Overbosch D, Schilthuis H, Bienzle U, Behrens RH, Kain KC, Clarke PD and others. ‘’ Clinical Infectious Diseases 2001: 33, issue 7, pages 1,015 to 1,021
72. Shanks GD, Gordon DM, Klotz FW, Aleman GM, Oloo AJ, Sadie D and others. ‘’ Clinical Infectious Diseases 1998: volume 27, issue 3, pages 494 to 449
73. Faucher J-F, Binder R, Missinou MA, Matsiegui P-B, Gruss H, Neubauer R and others. ‘’ Clinical Infectious Diseases 2002: volume 35, issue 10, pages 1,147 to 1,154
74. Lell B, Luckner D, Ndjavé M, Scott T, Kremsner PG. ‘’ The Lancet 1998: volume 351, issue 9,104, pages 709 to 713
75. Sukwa T, Mulenga M, Chisdaka N, Roskell N, Scott T. ‘’ The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1999: volume 60, issue 4, pages 521 to 525
76. Ling J, Baird JK, Fryauff DJ, Sismadi P, Bangs MJ, Lacy M. ‘’ Clinical Infectious Diseases 2002: volume 35, issue 7, pages 825 to 833
77. Nakato H, Vivancos R, Hunter PR. ‘’ Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2007: volume 60, issue 5, pages 929 to 936
78. Soto J, Toledo J, Luzz M, Gutierrez P, Berman J, Duparc S. ‘’ The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2006: volume 75, issue 3, pages 430 to 433
79. Savelkoel J, Binnendijk KH, Spijker R, van Vugt M, Tan K, Hanscheid T and others. ‘’ Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases 2018: volume 21, pages 3 to 20
80. Pasternak B, Hviid A. ‘’ Archives of Internal Medicine 2011: volume 171, issue 3, pages 259 to 260
81. Tan KR, Fairley JK, Wang M, Gutman JR. ‘’ Malaria Journal 2018: volume 17, issue 1, page 198
82. Ferrara P, Masuet-Aumatell C, Aguero F, Ramon-Torrell JM. ‘’ Journal of Infection 2018
83. Franken DJ, Jongen VW, Rooyakkers A, Grobusch MP, Elsinga J, Boering M, Prins M, van Cleef BAGL. ‘’ New Microbes and New Infections 2025: volume 1, issue 63, page 101561
84. Schlagenhauf P, Petersen E. ‘’ Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy 2012: volume 10, issue 5, pages 537 to 546
85. WHO. ‘’ In: World Health Organization, editor. International Travel and Health, 2012
86. Touze J, Heno P, Fourcade L, Deharo J, Thomas G, Bohan S and others. ‘’ The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2002: volume 67, issue 1, pages 54 to 60
87. Rogers CL, Bain BJ, Garg M, Fernandes S, Mooney C, Chiodini PL, British Society for Haematology. ‘’ British Journal of Haematology 2022: volume 197, issue 3, pages 271 to 282
88. Berthod D, Rochat J, Voumard R, Rochat L, Genton B, D’Acremont V. ‘’ Malaria Journal 2017: volume 16, issue 1, page 436
89. WHO. ‘’ 2006
90. Jelinek T, Grobusch M, Nothdurft H. ‘’ Journal of Travel Medicine 2000: volume 7, issue 4, pages 175 to 179
91. Chiodini PL, Bowers K, Jorgensen P, Barnwell JW, Grady KK, Luchavez J and others. ‘’ Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2007: volume 101, issue 4, pages 331 to 337
92. Maltha J, Gillet P, Heutmekers M, Bottieau E, Van Gompel A, Jacobs J. ‘’ PLoS One 2013: volume 8, issue 1, article e53102
93. UKHSA. ‘Notifications of infectious diseases (NOIDs)’ (Notifications about suspected infectious diseases, collected by UKHSA)
94. Schlagenhauf P, Blumentals WA, Suter P, Regep L, Vital-Durand G, Schaerer MT and others. ‘’ Clinical Infectious Diseases 2012: volume 54, issue 11, pages e124 to e31
95. Roggelin L, Cramer JP. ‘’ Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases 2014: volume 12, issue 3, pages 229 to 236
96. Mayer RC, Tan KR, Gutman JR. ‘’ Journal of Travel Medicine 2019, June 1: volume 26, issue 4, page tay138
97. Andrejko KL, Mayer RC, Kovacs S, Slutsker E, Bartlett E, Tan KR, Gutman JR. ‘’ Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease 2019 January to February: volume 27, pages 20 to 26
98. Gutman JR, Hall C, Khodr ZG, Bukowinski AT, Gumbs GR, Conlin A-M S, Wells NY, Tan KR. ‘’ Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease 2019: volume 32
99. McKinney KL, Wu HM, Tan KR, Gutman JR. ‘’ Journal of Travel Medicine 2020 July: volume 27, issue 4
100. Armstrong G, Beg M, Scahill S, Jassal S. ‘’ British Medical Journal 1991: volume 303, issue 6,805, page 789
101. Leon MN, Lateef M, Fuentes F. ‘’ Oxford UK 1996, pages 227 to 230
102. Ringwald J, Strobel J, Eckstein R. ‘’ Journal of Travel Medicine 2009: volume 16, issue 4, pages 276 to 283
103. Khalife R, Burnett AE, Tritschler T, Waldron B, Xu Y. ‘’ BMJ (Clinical Research edition) 2024: volume 386, article e079520
104. Tripodi A, Marchetti M, Scalambrino E. ‘’ Trasfusione del Sangue 2025: volume 23, issue 1, pages 55 to 58
105. Ringwald J, Grauer M, Eckstein R, Jelinek T. ‘’ Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease 2014: volume 12, issue 1, pages 7 to 19
106. Saunders MA, Hammer MF, Nachman MW. ‘’ Genetics 2002: volume 162, issue 4, pages 1,849 to 1,861
107. Kane M. 2023 May 16. In: Pratt VM, Scott SA, Pirmohamed M, and others, editors. Medical Genetics Summaries [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 2012-
108. Serjeant GR. ‘Infections in sickle cell disease’ In: Cohen J, Powderly W, editors. ‘Infectious Diseases’ Edinburgh: Mosby 2004, page 1,618
109. Kotton CN, Ryan ET, Fishman JA. ‘’ American Journal of Transplantation 2005: volume 5, issue 1, pages 8 to 14
110. Kamya MR, Gasasira AF, Yeka A, Bakyaita N, Nsobya SL, Francis D and others. ‘’ Journal of Infectious Diseases 2006: volume 193, issue 1, pages 9 to 15
111. Korenromp EL, Williams BG, De Vlas SJ, Gouws E, Gilks CF, Ghys PD and others. ‘’ Emerging Infectious Diseases 2005: volume 11, issue 9, pages 1,410 to 1,419
112. Mahittikorn A, Kotepui KU, De Jesus Milanez G, Masangkay FR, Kotepui M. ‘’ Science Reports 2021: volume 11, issue1, page 16,655
113. Mouala C, Houzé S, Guiguet M, Abboud P, Pialoux G, Viget N and others. ‘’ Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome 2008: volume 49, issue 1, pages 55 to 60
114. Mirzohreh ST, Safarpour H, Pagheh AS, Bangoura B, Barac A, Ahmadpour E. ‘’ Parasites and Vectors 2022: volume 15, issue 1, page 324
115. ‘’ (accessed 27 August 2023)
116. Guerra CVC, da Silva BM, Müller P, Baia-da-Silva DC, Moura MAS, Araújo JDA, Silva JCSE, Silva-Neto AV, da Silva Balieiro AA, da Costa-Martins AG, Melo GC, Val F, Bassat Q, Nakaya HI, Martinez-Espinosa FE, Lacerda M, Sampaio VS, Monteiro W. ‘’ Scientific Reports 2022: volume 12, issue 1, page 9,076
117. Public Health England (PHE). ‘Travelling overseas to visit friends and relatives? 2015’ (updated 28 May 2015)
118. Del Prete V, Mateo-Urdiales A, Bueno-Cavanillas A, Ferrara P. ‘’ Journal of Travel Medicine October 2019: volume 26, issue 7
119. Health Protection Agency (HPA). ‘Migrant Health: Infectious diseases in non-UK born populations in England, Wales and Northern Ireland: a baseline report, 2006’
120. HPA. ‘Migrant Health: infectious diseases in non-UK born populations in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland. An update to the baseline report, 2011’
121. PHE. ‘Migrant Health Guide 2014’ (updated 14 July 2014)
122.
123. Walz EJ, Volkman HR, Adedimeji AA, Abella J, Scott LA, Angelo KM and others. ‘’ Journal of Travel Medicine 2019: volume 26, issue 2
124. Morgan M, Figueroa-Muñoz JI. ‘’ Ethnicity and Health 2005: volume 10, issue 4, pages 355 and 372. pmid:16191732
125. Neave PE, Behrens RH, Jones COH. ‘’ Malaria Journal 2014: volume 13, issue 1, page 287
126. Walz EJ, Wanduragala D, Adedimeji AA, Volkman HR, Gaines J, Angelo KM, Boumi AE, Coyle C, Dunlop SJ, Stauffer WM. ‘’ Journal of Travel Medicine January 2019: volume 26, issue 1
127. Stenbeck J. ‘Health hazards in Swedish field personnel in the tropics’ Travel Medicine International 1991: volume 9: pages 51 to 59
128. Schneider I, Bradley D. ‘Unpublished work’ 2003
129. Steffen R, Heusser R, Mächler R, Bruppacher R, Naef U, Chen D and others. ‘’
130. Janosi M. ‘Advice to long-term travellers’ Travel Medicine International 1998: volume 6, pages 110 to 112
131. Lobel HO, Phillips-Howard PA, Brandling-Bennett A, Steffen R, Campbell CC, Huong A and others. ‘’ Bulletin of the WHO 1990: volume 68, issue 2, page 209
132. Peragallo MS, Sabatinelli G, Sarnicola G. ‘’ Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1999: volume 93, issue 1, pages 73 to 77
133. Buma APH, Thiel PPv, Lobel HO, Ohrt C, Ameijden EJv, Veltink RL and others. ‘’ Journal of Infectious Diseases 1996: volume 173, issue 6, pages 1,506 to 1,509
134. Lobel HO, Miani M, Eng T, Bernard KW, Hightower AH, Campbell CC. ‘’ The Lancet 1993: volume 341, issue 8,849, pages 848 to 851
135. WHO (2015). ‘’ (updated April 2015)
136. Hughes C, Tucker R, Bannister B, Bradley D. ‘’ Communicable Disease and Public Health 2003: volume 6, issue 3, pages 200 to 208
137. Luzzi GA, Peto TE. ‘’ Drug Safety 1993: volume 8, issue 4, pages 295 to 311
138. Lange WR, Frankenfield DL, Moriarty-Sheehan M, Contoreggi CS, Frame JD. ‘’ The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1994: volume 51, issue 4, pages 389 to 392
139. Overbosch D. ‘’ Journal of Travel Medicine 2003: volume 10, volume s1, pages S16 to S20
140. Cathcart S, Lawrence J, Grant A, Quinn D, Whitty C, Jones J and others. ‘’ Epidemiology and Infection 2010: volume 138, issue 7, pages 1,052 to 1,058